Asset Tokenization Advisory and Consulting Services

RWA tokenization involves converting physical assets, such as real estate or commodities, into digital tokens on a blockchain. These tokens represent ownership or rights to the underlying asset and facilitate transactions and ownership transfers.

RWA tokenization is governed by a combination of existing financial regulations, securities laws, and blockchain-specific regulations. The specific legal framework varies by jurisdiction but often includes securities regulation, anti-money laundering (AML) requirements, and know-your-customer (KYC) laws.

In Singapore, there are no specific local regulations for the issuance of RWAs. Thus, the issuance of RWAs is primarily governed by existing laws and regulations such as the following:
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• Payment Services Act 2019 (“PSA”)
• Financial Services and Markets (“FSM”) Act
• Payment Services (Amendment) Act, 2021 and Payment Services (Amendment) Regulations 2024
• MAS finalizes Stablecoin Regulatory Framework, 15th, August 2023
• Securities and Futures Act 2001

Ownership of tokenized assets is typically recognized through legal agreements and compliance with relevant securities laws. These agreements outline the rights and obligations associated with the tokens and ensure they comply with applicable legal standards.

Yes, in many jurisdictions, tokenized assets are subject to similar regulatory requirements as their traditional counterparts. This includes adherence to securities regulations, tax laws, and other compliance requirements designed to protect investors and ensure market integrity.

Cross-border transactions involving tokenized assets must comply with the legal requirements of all jurisdictions involved. This can include adherence to international securities regulations, tax laws, and AML/KYC requirements, which may vary significantly between countries.

Investors and issuers must consider taxes when structuring their operations. Given that many issuances involve cross-border transactions, double taxation and withholding taxes become significant concerns as they can significantly reduce profits.

Most asset-backed tokens qualify as securities. These tokens derive their financial value mainly from generating income, and any profit they offer typically meets the criteria for being considered securities.

In reality, you must adhere to the securities laws of every nation where you sell tokens or offer services to investors. This entails registering your tokens or obtaining an exemption from registration in each relevant country. If a license is required, it should be issued or recognized by each respective country. Some issuers overlook these requirements due to perceived low enforceability. Many countries do not actively pursue violations by foreign entities, especially if these violations do not harm investors. However, this would be unethical and may lead to severe repercussions.

In reality, you must adhere to the securities laws of every nation where you sell tokens or offer services to investors. This entails registering your tokens or obtaining an exemption from registration in each relevant country. If a license is required, it should be issued or recognized by each respective country. Some issuers overlook these requirements due to perceived low enforceability. Many countries do not actively pursue violations by foreign entities, especially if these violations do not harm investors. However, this would be unethical and may lead to severe repercussions.

Private placement rules generally impose three main types of restrictions:
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• Investor categories; offered to only professional investors.
• The number of investors.
• The total amount raised.

While these restrictions can be quite stringent within a single country, cross-border offerings can allow for substantial amounts to be raised with relatively low legal costs. However, relying on exemptions does not eliminate regulatory requirements. Detailed disclosures must still be provided to investors, and it is necessary to establish AML and data protection policies. Additionally, some simplified filings might still be necessary.